What Thanksgiving Reveals about American Culture

Sociologists believe that the rituals practiced within any given culture serve to reaffirm that cultures most important values and beliefs. This theory dates back to founding sociologist Émile Durkheim  and has been validated by countless researchers over more than a centurys time. According to sociologists, by examining a ritual, we can come to understand some fundamental things about the culture in which it is practiced. So in this spirit, lets take a look at what Thanksgiving reveals about us. Key Takeaways: Sociological Insights on Thanksgiving Sociologists look at celebrations in order to understand culture.By spending time with family and friends on Thanksgiving, people reaffirm their close relationships.Thanksgiving highlights stereotypical American gender roles.Overeating associated with Thanksgiving illustrates American materialism and abundance. The Social Importance of Family and Friends It may not be much of a surprise that coming together to share a meal with loved ones signals how important relationships with friends and family are in our culture, which is far from a uniquely American thing. When we gather together to share in this holiday, we effectively say, Your existence and our relationship is important to me, and in doing so, that relationship is reaffirmed and strengthened (at least in a social sense). But there are some less obvious and decidedly more interesting things going on too. Thanksgiving Highlights Normative Gender Roles The holiday of Thanksgiving and the rituals we practice for it reveal the gender norms  of our society. In most households across the U.S. it is women and girls who will do the work of preparing, serving, and cleaning up after the Thanksgiving meal. Meanwhile, most men and boys are likely to be watching and/or playing football. Of course, neither of these activities is exclusively gendered, but they are predominantly so, especially in heterosexual settings. This means that Thanksgiving serves to reaffirm the distinct roles we believe men and women should play in society, and even what it means to be a man or a woman in our society today. The Sociology of Eating on Thanksgiving One of the most interesting sociological research findings about Thanksgiving comes from Melanie Wallendorf and Eric J. Arnould, who take a sociology of consumption standpoint. In a study of the holiday published in the  Journal of Consumer Research  in 1991, Wallendorf and Arnould, along with a team of student researchers, conducted observations of Thanksgiving celebrations across the U.S. They found that the rituals of preparing food, eating it,  overeating it, and how we talk about these experiences signal that Thanksgiving is really about celebrating material abundance—having a lot of stuff, notably food, at ones disposal.  They observe that the fairly bland flavorings of Thanksgiving dishes and the heaping piles of food presented and consumed signal that it is quantity rather than quality that matters on this occasion. Building on this in her study of competitive eating contests (yes, really!), sociologist Priscilla Parkhurst Ferguson sees in the act of overeating the affirmation of abundance at the national level. In her 2014 article in Contexts, she writes that our society has so much food to spare that its citizens can engage in eating for sport.  In this light, Ferguson describes Thanksgiving as a holiday that celebrates ritualistic overeating, which is meant to honor national abundance through consumption. As such, she declares Thanksgiving a patriotic holiday. Thanksgiving and American Identity Finally, in a chapter in the 2010 book  The Globalization of Food, titled  The National and the Cosmopolitan in Cuisine: Constructing America through Gourmet Food Writing, sociologists  Josà ©e Johnston, Shyon Baumann, and Kate Cairns reveal that Thanksgiving plays an important role in defining and affirming American identity. Through a study of how people write about the holiday in food magazines, their research shows that eating, and especially preparing Thanksgiving, is framed as an American rite of passage. They conclude that participating in these rituals is a way to achieve and affirm ones American identity, especially for immigrants. It turns out that Thanksgiving is about a lot more than turkey and pumpkin pie.

The Effectiveness of the Closing Scene of Arthur Millers...

The Effectiveness of the Closing Scene of Arthur Millers The Crucible Arthur Miller was born in 1915 and was only fourteen years of age at the time of the Wall Street crash, this clearly affected his life. His plays often concentrated upon contemporary society and problems it may face. This is why at first sight The Crucible seems to break this mould, instead of a play showing contemporary society; it concerns a study in the mass hysteria which led to the 1692 Salem witchcraft trials. The play is based around the Salem Witchcraft trials of the 17th century; however the play is in fact a comment on the mass hysteria which swept America in the 1950s concerning the huge fear, communism.†¦show more content†¦Miller himself was called before the investigating committee and subjected to a long interrogation about his political view. He admitted attending communist writers meetings nine years before. When asked to incriminate others he refused. This can be seen as another parallel, with The crucible as John Proctor also refused to name names. It can be seen as John Proctor is a personification of Miller himself, as they experience similar situations and obviously Miller communicates his views through his creation John Proctor. Arthur Miller did not bring the atrocities of 1692 for their purely historical interest: he used them in order to comment on his own time in America, but the play is relevant to other cases of organized mass hysteria in the past and recent times. The play was written in 1952 and was an allegory of the political state of America under the supervision of Senator Joseph McCartney. The play set in 1692 in a god fearing puritan village that was isolated in the east of Massachusetts. The Salem Witch trials which happened two centuries before the play was written, and therefore the location of the play was thought of to be the masking of the anti-communist message it was portraying. The play explores the ideas about individuality and conformity in a society. Individualism in a society means refusing to conform, and if oneShow MoreRelatedManagement Course: Mba−10 General Management215330 Words   |  862 Pagessome industries. RECOGNIZING THE IMPORTANCE OF THE QUALITY OF PRODUCTIVITY Underlying many of these conditions is the Internet (now almost universally understood as multipurpose technology), which has the potential to help define business effectiveness both in the creation of new products and in terms of new productivity. This goes well beyond digitizing businesses. Instead, it confronts established companies with basic demands for innovation that extend far beyond technology, particularly in

Persuasive Message Framing Health And Social Care Essay Free Essays

string(81) " the quality of life of the society if the recomended behaviours were performed\." The writer argue that, in the context of urging societal alterations, message framing can be used as one of communicating schemes in societal selling context. By utilizing message bordering attack, public communicating can be presented in footings of the benefits ( additions ) or costs ( losingss ) framed associated with a peculiar behaviour. Research shows that bordering of such persuasive messages influences many societal determinations. We will write a custom essay sample on Persuasive Message Framing Health And Social Care Essay or any similar topic only for you Order Now Peoples tend to avoid hazards when sing additions or benefits, and tend to prefer hazards when sing losingss or costs. This paper investigates the nature of message framing, the taxonomy of message framing effects and alternate signifiers of message bordering presentation. The writer explored the differential effects between negative and positive framed message, the context in which message bordering surveies much more have been conducted and the account by which message framing could act upon people ‘s attitude, purpose and behaviour. It is concluded that the message bordering surveies had been conducted in a broad assortment of wellness communicating context and can be expanded to many other societal alterations contexts. The differential effects between negative and positive framed messages were exist because of: 1. The different penchants about hazard, 2. The asymetry between negative and positive information and the presence of moderator variables. The persuasion which happened in message bordering presentation will act upon people ‘s information processing in three stairss: 1. The sum of attending directed to the message influence the grade to which it is integrated into a mental representation of the issue, 2. Peoples differ in their receptiveness to the peculiar frame advocated by the message, based on both their experience and current state of affairs, and 3. The influence of a peculiar frame on existent behaviour depends on the sensed map of the advocated behaviour. Aditional researches may be neede d to make up one’s mind what sort of framed message and situational and dispositional moderator variables that proper for the specific context of societal job. Cardinal words: societal selling, message framing, attitude and persuasion. 1 Introduction About every state faces societal jobs in their day-to-day life. Health issues such as advancing people to avoid familial diseases, carrying people to halt unhealthy life manner ( e.g. smoke, drug and intoxicant dependence ) , advancing people to forestall deathly diseases ( e.g. malignant neoplastic disease ) and doing household program, are parts of these jobs. Decreasing energy supply is besides one of the jobs that require people to execute energy preservation behaviour. Significant attempts are needed to carry people to halt blowing their energy ingestion. The increasing traffic denseness besides require people to alter their drive and siting behaviour to be more carefully and safely in order to take down the traffic accident rate. In short, there are many public attitudes and behaviours needed to be changed to work out the societal jobs. Solving societal jobs affecting societal alterations. It means altering single and group life wont by transforming their harmful behaviours toward more productive one, altering attitudes and values of the community and the whole society and making new societal tehcnolgy in order to increase quality of life [ 1 ] . However, altering human behaviour is non an easy thing and it possibly the most debatable issue in human relation. The Role of Social Marketing in Solving Social Problems In order to accomplish the expected status in a society that full of societal jobs, it is expected that marketing subject non merely focuses on profit-oriented companies but besides accommodates the societal dimensions of the society. The jobs such as pollution control, public transit, instruction, drug maltreatment, safe drive, household planning and public wellness, need advanced solutions and attacks to derive populace ‘s attending and support. The troubles found by societal sellers to pass on their thoughts and societal ends have been the concern of the selling experts for a long clip. To reply these phenomena, Kotler and Zaltman [ 1 ] argue that marketing attacks can be used to work out specific societal jobs by implementing the selling rules such as analysing, planning and commanding the jobs of societal alterations. The selling constructs and techniques can be used efficaciously to advance single and group to execute recomended behaviour. Social selling is a promising model to program and implement the societal alterations. Kotler and Zaltman [ 1 ] define societal selling as a design, execution and control of plans carried out to act upon the acceptableness of societal thoughts that involved merchandise design, pricing, communicating, distribution and selling research. However, using the societal selling program attack does non intend that the societal ends will be automatically achieved because it merely develops a mec hanism which relates the experts ‘ cognition on human behaviour and the execution of the recommended cognition which brings good cause to the society. Different from Kotler and Zaltman, Andreasen [ 2 ] positions societal selling as the attempts to act upon the mark audience ‘s behaviour. Harmonizing to Andreasen, societal selling is the version of commercial selling engineering onto the analysis, planning, executing and rating plans which designates to act upon the behaviour of the mark audience to better their ain mental and physical life and/or the society in which they live. Harmonizing to Andreasen, the footing of societal selling is to alter one ‘s behaviour. Social selling is related to behavioural mentality. It stressed on instruction and propaganda plan that merely will be usefull if brings behavioural alterations. It is interesting to societal alterations practicioners as could partly explicate why people do certain behaviour. The consumer ‘s behavior attack, harmonizing to Andreasen [ 2 ] , can be applied in societal selling issues. The outgrowth of exchange theory is the chief stimulation to marketing faculty members to spread out the constructs of consumer ‘s behaviour and selling such as the usage of seat belt, blood giver, etc. Promoting the consumers to donate their blood, for case, does non affect offering merchandises or services, nor does it affect payment to be done by the consumers. However, it will convey many benefits for the quality of life of the society if the recomended behaviours were performed. You read "Persuasive Message Framing Health And Social Care Essay" in category "Essay examples" Theories and theoretical accounts for societal selling abound, with small formal consensus on which types of theoretical accounts for what types of societal selling jobs in what sorts of state of affairss are most appropriate [ 3 ] . The basic constructs of societal selling involve alterations. Social sellers try to act upon other ‘s behaviour which consists of [ 2 ] : a. get downing certain behaviour, b. halting certain behaviour, c. altering certain behaviour. The get downing point of behavior class opens a figure of research chances in the field of societal selling such as disease bar, early sensing of diseases, birth control ( to get down a certain behaviour ) , the danger of smoke ( to halt a certain behaviour ) , and organic nutrient ingestion and environmentally friendly merchandise use ( to alter a certain behaviour ) . In the visible radiation of act uponing other ‘s behaviour, societal selling urges the execution of proper communicating scheme to carry people. In this paper, the writer argue that one of the effectual communicating methods which may be considered to carry people to execute recomended behaviour is the message bordering attack. Message framing can be the promising communicating scheme to heighten people conformity in order to do societal alterations. It could be implemented in wide country of societal issues such as wellness, safe drive, proenvironmental behaviour and so on. Framing Theory and Message Framing Framing theory starts from Prospect Theory introduced by Tversky and Kahneman [ 4 ] . Framing posit of prospect theory provinces that the manner an information presented, in footings of benefits and losingss, may act upon the behaviour based of two grounds. First, people tend to avoid hazards when sing additions, that is, when having messages in the signifier of positive framing. On the contrary, they are likely to take hazards when sing losingss or costs, that is, when having messages in the signifier of negative framing. Consequently, the penchants towards risk-taking to a great extent depend on whether the thought is presented in the frame of addition or loss contexts. Therefore, persuasive information may be presented by demoing the possible benefits earned if the information presented is purely followed or the possible losingss earned if the information is non taken. Second, this theory argues that people will probably to avoid hazards which make the losingss look much bigger than the benefits earned. In line with the chance theory, two logical statements of an issue, if presented in two different ways, may ensue in different determinations. The most popular illustration of this issue is the Asiatic Disease Problem experiment conducted by Kahneman and Tversky [ 5 ] : to 152 topics who were presented to the hypothesis inquiries which required them to conceive of that the US authorities had been fixing an action to forestall diseases in Asia. It was predicted that the disease might kill 600 people. There were two plans proposed to forestall the disease ; Program A and B. It was assumed that the estimated effects of the plan were as follows ( presented in positive framing ) : If plan A was chosen, they would salvage 200 people If plan B was chosen, 1/3 of 600 would likely be saved and 2/3 people would likely non survive. The consequences of the experiment showed that 72 % of the respondents preferred Program A instead than Program B. The same inquiries were besides proposed to the other 152 topics. This clip, the plans were Program C and D which were presented in negative framing with the undermentioned effects: – If plan C was taken, 400 would decease – If plan D was chosen, none of 1/3 of 600 would decease and 2/3 of them would likely decease. In this 2nd group of topics, 78 % preferable plan D. From the illustration given, it is evidently seen that A and C are similar to plan B and D. The response was rather predictable based on the rules of diminishing sensitiveness attached to prospect theory. The presentation of the options in the framing informing the figure of people to be saved has clearly shown the benefits of avoiding the hazards. It is much better to salvage 200 people, definite in figure instead than to salvage about 200 people, indefinite in figure. Meanwhile, the presentation of the options in the framing informing the figure of victims shows the topics preferred to take hazards when faced with the possible losingss. It is rather interesting to analyse the chance appeared in this instance. The survey of Kahneman and Tversky [ 5 ] shows that single determination is consistently influenced by how an issue is presented. Specifically, person will be given to avoid hazards when confronting messages presented in a positive framing ( emphasizing on benefits gained ) and s/he will prefer to take hazards when confronting a job presented in negative framing ( emphasizing the losingss gained ) . They argue that each individual relies on a figure of limited heuristics and prejudices in doing complex determinations. Each prejudice and heuristics depends on the preparation of the thought at the beginning of the procedure. Prospect Theory give us a canche to utilize its rule in showing a persuasive message in order to heighten message receiver ‘ conformity, called message framing. Message framing is the presentation of persuasive messages which stresses on the benefits to be gained if the messages are followed ( positive framed/gain framed ) , or on the hazard facets if the messages are non followed[ 2 ]( negative framed/loss framed ) . It is one of persuasive tactics which is strategically used in pass oning persuasive messages to other people. It is used as a paradigm to understand and look into communicating scheme and behaviour in a broad scope of subjects. The related subjects include psychological science, communicating, organisational determination devising, economic sciences, wellness communicating, media surveies and political communicating [ 6 ] . Pprevious researches on persuasive power of message bordering show that the presentation of different types of message framing will ensue in different persuasive effects. Taxonomy of Framing Effectss Levin et Al. [ 7 ] designs a taxonomy which differentiate the framing effects into three classs: hazardous framing, property framing and end framing. The effects of the first framing are those that can be explained as follows: for illustration, in a certain state of affairs, S+ describes a positive status ( such as being alive, winning and being healthy ) , with a figure of n response options which implies different terminal consequences with different degree of uncertainness ( r1, r2, aˆÂ ¦rn ) . On the other side, S- means a negative status ( being dead, being lost, being ill ) with the same figure of n response picks and terminal consequences. The consequence of hazardous framing is that one tends to take options with low uncertainness in S+ , and to take options with high uncertainness in S- . In other words, this status refers to the inclination to prefer definite options in positive frame and hazardous options in negative frame. The experiment conducted by Kahneman and Tve rsky [ 5 ] can be used to explicate this job. The effects of 2nd framing or attributee bordering consequence can be elaborated as follows: for illustration, a certain property ( object or incident ) A+ indicates positive status ( success, nonfat, etc ) with a figure of n response picks which implies different degree of attractive force ( d1, d2, aˆÂ ¦dn ) . Meanwhile, the same property shows negative conditions ( failed, fatty etc ) indicated as A- with the same figure of response picks and the same degree of attractive force d1, d2, ..dn. The attribute framing effects are defined as the inclination of a topic to measure A+ with higher degree of attractive force and A- with lower degree of attractive force. It refers to the inclination of the topic to do a more positive rating on the presented stuffs in positive frame. The experiment carried out by Levin and Gaeth [ 8 ] revealed that beef was considered to be more delightful when positively labeled ( 75 % fat free ) compared to negatively labeled such as ‘contain 25 % fat ‘ . There are at least two different rules between hazardous framing and property framing. The first difference is that attribute framing does non affect hazard use. The 2nd 1 is that the mark is non in the signifier of taking the independent response picks, but in measuring the credence to certain points. The 3rd consequence is the effects of end bordering. They can be explained as follows: for illustration, a certain message M+ contains a positive frame ( chance to derive benefits or avoid losingss ) and the other message contains negative frame ( chance non to derive benefits or suffer losingss ) indicated by M- . The effects of end framing are the differences in the persuasive consequences between M+ and M- to accomplish a certain behaviour. Based on above taxonomy, the presentation of message framing in wide societal alterations context ( such as advancing disease sensing behaviour, disease bar behaviour, energy salvaging behaviour, birth control behaviour, pro-environmental behaviour, save driving behaviour, healthy diet and exercising behaviour and so on ) could be categorized into end framing as the presentation of negative framing or positive one could convey different persuasion effects to the message receiver. Forms of Message Framing Presentation Levin and Gaeth [ 8 ] argue that there are two types of message framings ( See Table 1 ) . The first type is how the negative or positive message is communicated across. The positive message emphasizes on the benefits received by the consumers for utilizing the merchandises or making the expected behaviour. The negative message emphasiss on the consumer ‘s losingss for non utilizing the merchandises or making the recommended behaviour. The 2nd type discusses the negative and positive facets of the message itself. Levin and Gaeth reference that the fat contained in the beef is 25 % fat or 75 % thin. As a affair of fact, there are really few merchandises which inform their negative effects to the consumers. In line with Levin and Gaeth, O’Keefe [ 9 ] maintains that the attractive force of positive and negative framing phrases can be presented in two different ways. First, whether the result described is the coveted result. Second, whether the result described is an achieved result ( gained, proposed, accomplishable ) or something to avoid ( gotten rid of, unexpected, unattainable ) . As displayed in Table 1, addition framed messages, for illustration, can be presented in: â€Å" if you comply the promoted action, you will derive the expected result X † or â€Å" if you do the recommended action, the unexpected result Y can be avoided † . Meanwhile the loss framed messages can be presented: â€Å" if you do non make the recommended behaviour, the expected result X will non be achieved † or â€Å" if you do non make the recommended action, the unexpected result Y will happen † . Nevertheless, it has non been really clear whether the assorted types of mes sage presentation will impact the comparative effectivity of addition framed and loss framed messages. Table 1. Techniques of Message Framing Presentation Presentation techniques Types of Framing Statement Outcome is described in the expected or unexpected results. Positive frame â€Å" if you do the recommended actions, the expected result X will be gained † Negative frame â€Å" if you do non make the recommended actions, the unexpected result Y will happen. Results are presented as something achieved or avoided. Positive frame â€Å" If you do the recommended actions, the unexpected result Y may be avoided † . Negative frame â€Å" If you do non make the recommended action, the expected result X will non be gained. † Beginning: extracted by the writer. Differential Effectss of Positive and Negative Framing on Persuasion In the last 30 old ages, 100s of empirical surveies have been conducted to demo and look into the framing effects in several different contexts. Around 15 surveies had been conducted on the effects of bordering each twelvemonth [ 10 ] . There are besides legion theories developed to explicate human behaviour based on the appraisal of benefits and losingss. However, findings on the effects of bordering have non shown any conclusive consequences [ 9 ] . Probe on about 70 old surveies showed [ 11 ] , so far, bordering researches are much more conducted in wellness and consumer behaviour contexts. In wellness behaviour context ( see Appendix 1 ) , many researches on message framing are conducted to promote the behaviour to make early sensing and bar to diseases [ 42 ] . Some of those researches were carried out in the context of chest malignant neoplastic disease sensing through chest ego scrutiny or mammography trial [ 12 ] , [ 13 ] , [ 14 ] and [ 15 ] , bad effects of smoking [ 16 ] , sexually-transmitted diseases [ 17 ] , the effects of cholesterin on bosom disease [ 18 ] , cholesterin testing [ 19 ] , the usage of dental floss [ 20 ] , fatty content on nutrient [ 21 ] and the usage of gargle [ 22 ] . In the field of wellness, persuasive power of loss framed tends to surpass that of addition framed. However, the consequences of the research in general are still inconclusive [ 21 ] , [ 15 ] , [ 23 ] . Some surveies found the effectivity of negative framed message [ 12 ] , [ 30 ] and the others found the opposite one [ 19 ] , [ 17 ] . Rothman and Salovey [ 31 ] province that loss framed messages are more persuasive in advancing disease sensing and other hazardous behaviour while addition framed messages are more persuasive in advancing disease bar and other low hazard behaviour. The advantages of the persuasive power of loss framed over that of addition framed in the old surveies is closely related to bordering determination. The surveies show different penchants between the two determination options ( which are fundamentally tantamount to one another ) when they are presented in different frames ( loss and addition framed ) . It is supported by Tversky and Kahneman [ 4 ] who maintain that, fundamentally, an person does non fond of losingss ( remaining off from hazards ) when sing the benefits or consequences, but takes hazards when confronting possible losingss or costs. Therefore, when results are presented in loss framing ( emphasizing on the facets of possible loss ) , a individual prefers to take hazards. This is based on Kahneman and Tversky ‘s classical experimental findings [ 5 ] on deathly diseases that have often been replicated to different topics[ 3 ]. There are at least three grounds that could be used to explicate the differential effects of framed messages [ 9 ] . First, the ground is related with the determination framing. Previous surveies showed that there are different penchants between two determinations ( that must be tantamount ) when the two determinations presented in different frames. Tversky and Kahneman [ 4 ] explain that people fundamentally do non like loss ( avoid hazard ) when they were sing hazards. So, when the result is presented in negative framed ( stressed the loss or hazard facets ) , people will prefer hazardous pick. This statement is based on Kahneman and Tversky ‘s experiment called fatal disease [ 5 ] . Second, the differential effects in negative and positive framed message are caused by dissymmetry between negative and positive information. Negative information by and large has unbalanced effects on determination compared with tantamount positive information. A negative stimulation is besides easy to be recognized. Research show that negative stimulations could be detected in a lower degree of exposure compared with the positive 1. In add-on, negative happening consequences in stronger and faster reactions. There are three accounts about asymmetrical places between positive and negative information. The first dissymmetry provinces that negative information normally has imbalanced influence to a determination compared to the similar positive information. The 2nd dissymmetry explains that negative stimulations can be easy detected on the lower degree of exposure compared to positive stimulation. Third dissymmetry is that a negative event consequences in a stronger and quicker reacti on [ 9 ] . The 3rd ground is the presence of moderator variables. Review on old researches [ 11 ] happen several moderator variables normally used and caused the differential persuasion effects of message bordering. They are the engagement of message receivers and content of the messages [ 19 ] , [ 17 ] , [ 13 ] , types of recommended behaviour ( in wellness context ) , and types of communicated results [ 9 ] . Another moderator variable which besides becomes the topic of research is the order of presentations [ 24 ] , credibleness of message beginnings [ 25 ] , single differences which include: demand for knowledge [ 26 ] , degree of message amplification [ 27 ] , message receiving system motive [ 20 ] and perceptual experience to put on the line [ 28 ] . Researches showed the presence of moderator variable streghtened the persuasive power of framed message. The findings of the researches on the effects of message framing are steadfastly supported by the effectivity of positive framing in the surveies conducted by Levin and Gaeth [ 8 ] , Maheswaran and Meyers-Levy [ 19 ] , Diamond and Sanyal [ 29 ] , Rothman et Al. [ 30 ] , Block and Keller [ 17 ] , and Donovan and Jalleh [ 21 ] . Previous surveies show that positive framing is more effectual when the communicated message contains recommended low hazard behaviorsuch as like cholesterin sensing to the topics who had low degree of engagement in Maheswaran and Meyers-Levy ‘s survey [ 19 ] or preventative behaviour [ 31 ] . It was found that the presentation of the message in positive framing may increase people ‘s inclination to give positive reappraisal of a merchandise which in bend addition the chance to take the merchandise [ 8 ] , [ 21 ] . This determination is consistent with Kahneman and Tversky [ 5 ] who province that an single tends to avoid hazard when confronting a jo b presented in positive framing. In some instances, the mixture of positive and negative messages turns out to be the most effectual manner. Meanwhile, another survey studies there are no differences between the two framing conditions. Lerman et Al. ( 1992 ) in Donovan and Jalleh [ 21 ] did non happen different effects among participants who read the message in negative framing and the message presented in positive framing about the importance of mammography written in the brochure. Besides, Tykocinski et Al. [ 32 ] did non happen different effects between positive and negative framing. Framing effects will be found when there is an interaction with personal concept named self disagreement. Assema [ 34 ] province that there are no bordering consequence in his survey in healthy diet context. Beyond many research in wellness context, research about message framing besides conducted in the country of energy preservation [ 35 ] . Gonzales et Al. [ 10 ] , conducted a quasi experiment technique based on the rules of societal psychological science. Hence, the findings of his survey support the effectivity of loss framed messages. Research on message framing is besides carried out on environment-friendly behaviour, including recycle, preservation, and green life style in a survey by Davis [ 36 ] . This research findings revealed that negative framing gave the most positive response and the highest purpose to take part in environment-friendly behaviour. From the abovementioned account, the author draws decision that though assorted researches on the effects of bordering have been conducted, so far, there is no conclusive consequences in which bordering signifier is most effectual [ 13 ] . Some of the surveies argue that negative framing is more effectual than positive bordering [ 12 ] , [ 31 ] , yet others mention the opposite consequences ; positive framing is more effectual than negative bordering [ 8 ] , [ 21 ] . Some of the findings of the surveies indicate that the effectivity of a certain framing depends on situational and dispositional factor [ 6 ] . Based on his meta analytic, O’Keefe [ 9 ] province that loss framed entreaties are non by and large more persuasive than addition framed entreaties. For promoting disease bar behaviours, gain-framed entreaties are more persuasive than loss-framed entreaties ; for promoting disease sensing behaviours, gain- and loss-framed entreaties do non differ significantly in strength. The comparative strength of otherwise framed entreaties seems small influenced by ( a ) whether the gain-framed entreaties emphasize the attainment of desirable provinces or the turning away of unwanted provinces or ( B ) whether the loss-framed entreaties emphasize the attainment of unwanted provinces or the turning away of desirable provinces. Our treatment about the wide context of message bordering surveies indicate that bordering attack can be considered as one of communicating attacks to advance societal alterations trough altering public values, attitudes and behaviour. As one of societal selling publicity scheme, as proposed by the writer, message framing could be implemented in the degree of single or community behaviour. However, it is needed extra surveies in more assorted context to analyze the proper message bordering attack and situational and dispositionalvariables to considered in each specific country, in order to acquire cognition, what sort of framed message does more persuasive in each country. How Can the Framed Message Influence Attitude Change and Behavior? The common result variable of the framed message theoretical account was persuasion, as assessed through attitude alteration, station communicating understanding, behavioural purpose and behaviour [ 9 ] . Persuasion is an attitude alteration as a consequence of exposure to information achieved from other parties. This exposure can be in written or verbal messages sent by the beginning to the receiving system [ 38 ] , [ 39 ] . Variables impacting persuasions normally operate by giving hints or statements, making prejudice in information processing, and make up one’s minding the figure of amplifications done in a message [ 40 ] . Refer to Eagly and Chaiken ( 1984 ) in Seethaler and Rose [ 37 ] , there are three attacks in persuasion mechanism, i.e. : 1 ) Cognitive Response Approach, 2 ) Attributional Reasoning Approach, and 3 ) Heuristic Processing Mode. Prospect theory, from which message framing originated is one of theories that explained attributional logical thinking attack. Harmonizing to this attack, message receiver seek to explicate the message s/he receives through causal reading related with societal norms or environmental status. So, it is clear that message framing is one of persuasion beginnings. Persuasion which happened in a framed message presentation is one of persuasion beginnings caused by the message features. Harmonizing to Olson and Zanna, there are several issues which encourage persuasion to take topographic point: beginning of the message, features of the message and features of the message receivers [ 38 ] . The effects of message framing may go on to all degrees of message receiver. It can be applied in the degree of interpersonal, intrapersonal, groups, organisations, inter organisations, and society [ 6 ] . Although there are more research conducted on the consequence of framing in single degree [ 12 ] , [ 19 ] , [ 31 ] , [ 8 ] , [ 30 ] , [ 21 ] , [ 13 ] , [ 15 ] dan [ 23 ] . However, there are besides some researches on the effects of bordering in the group degree [ 41 ] . The information processing when person receives a framed message can be closely related to psychological procedure used in proving the information, doing determinations, and pulling decisions about the surrounding. There are several account how people treating a framed information. Refer to Hallahan [ 6 ] , bordering operates by making prejudice in person ‘s cognitive procedure of information through at least two mechanisms. The first mechanism is giving contextual intimations that direct the receivers in doing determinations and pulling decisions of a message. Tversky and Kahneman [ 4 ] argue that negative or positive framing in a determination works as cognitive heuristic or regulation of pollex which directs the determinations to uncertain or hazardous state of affairs. The negative reaction to losingss or hazards is consistent with the findings which province that negative information is considered more earnestly than positive information and given more attending. This is b esides consistent to the motivational theory which states that person of course acts to make self-defense. This statement can explicate, why some research findings [ 4 ] , [ 12 ] , [ 19 ] uncover the advantage of negative framed messages than positive 1s. The 2nd mechanism is through priming. It is a procedure where a human being organizes the gained cognition in the memory through cognitive construction or strategy which acts as barrier in constructing and construing a state of affairs and event. How a framed messages influence people ‘s determination besides can be explained based on the information processing phases. The procedure by which framed messages influence opinion and behaviour could be explained at least in three of import phases. First, the sum of attending directed to the message influence the grade to which it is integrated into a mental representation of the issue. Second, people differ in their receptiveness to the peculiar frame advocated by the message, based on both their experience and current state of affairs. Third, the influence of a peculiar frame on existent behaviour depends on the sensed map of the advocated behaviour [ 31 ] . Harmonizing to Rothman and Salovey [ 31 ] , in order to react to framed message, people have to comprehend the message foremost. But, to simply comprehend the message is non sufficient to actuate behavior alteration. Framed message can act upon the behaviour merely if it integrated into a individual ‘s cognitive representation of the issue. Given that behavioural determinations are thought to reflect the consideration of relevant beliefs, a individual ‘s perceptual experience of an issue needs to reflect the peculiar place advocated by the framed entreaty. The construct of Elaboration Likelihood Model [ 40 ] besides can be used to explicate how people respond to a framed message. Petty and Cacioppo [ 40 ] explain, there are two alternate manners in which persuasive entreaty are processed: 1 ) Systematically ( attending to the peculiar inside informations of the message ) , and 2 ) Heuristically ( attending to come up characteristics of the message ) . The mode in which a framed message is processed significantly affects its ultimate influence. The cognitive assimilation of the frame provided by a peculiar entreaty is likely contingent on the systematic processing of that entreaty [ 31 ] . Some old researches in diverse set of contextual variables showed that comparative strength of addition and loss framed was limited to those participants who processed the message consistently [ 19 ] , [ 30 ] . Systematic processing of a framed message is a necessary stipulation to detect the predicted advantage of addition bordering particularly in w ellness behaviour context ( addition framed message in bar behaviour and loss framed for sensing behaviour ) . How do people accept the framed message? Rothman and Salovey [ 31 ] province that even though people may be motivated to treat a framed entreaty consistently, they may non be receptive to the frame advocated by the message. There are two factors were sing in discoursing the willingness to accept the peculiar frame provided by an entreaty. The first factor is an on-going temper that may determine one ‘s receptiveness to a framed message. One ‘s temper may act upon whether a state of affairs is perceived in footings of losingss or additions as feelings can function as information about one ‘s current state of affairs. Sad tempers may corroborate that possible losingss are possible, whereas happy tempers may underline the saliency of possible additions. However, temper had no consequence on perceptual experiences of possible additions. Peoples who felt happy perceived greater cost to a possible loss compared with participants in a impersonal temper. The influence of te mper on perceptual experiences of likeliness mediates the comparative strength of gain- and loss-framed statements ( Wegener et al. ( 1994 ) in [ 31 ] ) . Participants were more persuaded by gain-framed statements when in a happy temper, but loss-framed statements were more persuasive when they were in a sad temper. The 2nd factors that are impacting willingnes to accept framed message are anterior cognition and experience that may curtail one ‘s willingness to follow a peculiar frame [ 31 ] . Using wellness information context, Rothman and Salovey say that the information presented is understood within the context of an person ‘s experiences and cognition. When the issue is either new or unfamiliar, people have few preconceived impressions about the issue, which should ease the acceptance of the frame emphasized in a recommendation. To the extent that the position provided by the framed entreaty is consistent with one ‘s initial apprehension, one should hold small trouble following the suggested frame. However, when the frame does non fit one ‘s experiences, the unexpected position should arouse systematic processing of the message, but this does non needfully connote that the advocated frame will be adopted. If the initial position is strong plenty, it is possible that people might reframe a message that did non fit their dominant position. Unfortunately, the grade to which people efficaciously reframe messages and their subsequent impact on determination devising has non been tested through empirical observation. Although the abovementioned phenomena are used to explicate the wellness behaviour context, the writer argue that this besides can be used to explicate the information acceptance in broad scope context of societal alteration messages. So far, we have discussed the importance of message bordering use in persuade people to execute recomended behaviour and how they will treat and have the framed information. However, the most of import end of any framed message is to advance a peculiar behaviour. Rothman and Salovey [ 31 ] told that, even when a framed has been processed and assimilated, its peculiar impact on behaviour is contingent on perceptual experience of the behaviour itself. They suggest that beliefs refering both the effectivity of a behaviour ( response efficaciousness ) and one ‘s ability to execute that behaviour successfully ( self efficaciousness ) predict the likeliness of the behaviour being carried out. Based on Protection Motivation Theory they suggest that efficaciousness beliefs may be peculiarly of import when people act in response to a loss framed entreaty. It has been observed in Meyerowitz and Chaiken [ 12 ] survey that revealed adult females who received a loss framed pamplet recommend ing BSE later held the strongest ego efficaciousness beliefs and that to keep strong efficaciousness beliefs partly mediated the influence of the loss frame on behaviour. Based on my reappraisal on old surveies [ 11 ] , it is non all of them utilizing behavior as dependent step. The trouble of longitudinal survey to mensurate the existent behaviour may be the reply of this issue. Studies who involved behavior as the dependent step can be find in Meyerowitz and Chaiken [ 12 ] by comparing immediate step and subsequently step as the placeholder of behaviour and Detweiler et Al. [ 43 ] utilizing sunscreen with SPF order. Most of old research limited their dependen step on behavior purpose or behaviour inclination and this bound the significance of their research findings [ 44 ] . Decision From above treatment, several decision could be drawn. The being of several societal jobs require us to acquire involved in making the expected status in our society by implementing societal selling knowlegde. Social selling attempt to act upon other ‘s behavior including [ 2 ] : a. get downing certain behaviour, b. halting certain behaviour, c. altering certain behaviour. One of communicating attacks that we could utilize to accomplish these purposes is message bordering. It could be implemented in assorted different context of societal job to carry people to execute recomended behaviour. Harmonizing to the taxonomy of bordering effects, message framing can be categorized into end framing, as the presentation of negative framed or positive one could convey different persuasion effects to the message receiver. It can be presented in two alternate signifiers, the first is the signifier in which the result is described in the expected or unexpected results and the 2nd is the signifier in which the result are presented as something achieved or avoided. Assorted surveies in message framing context showed us that there are differential effects of message bordering persuasive power. However it is non easy to make up one’s mind which one of the framing message signifiers that most persuasive. It is true that there is a inclination of negative framed advantages than positive one, based on asymetri of negative framed comparison to positive one. But we besides acknowledge the consequence of chairing variable in each specific context. Given the chief inquiry for faculty members is, how we can better the effectivity of a message to the populace in order to increase conformity with the recommended action, the writer conclude that utilizing framed message is an alternate manner to accomplish this end. Furthermore, what type of framing should be used will depend on the context in which the message was conveyed. The extent to which the effectivity of the usage of message framing will besides depends on chairing variable involved. The interaction between framed message with the moderating variables involved is expected will increase the effectivity of the framed message in assortment different contexts. Future researches in more diverse research contexts are still needed to make up one’s mind what sort of framed message and specific moderator variables have to be considered. How to cite Persuasive Message Framing Health And Social Care Essay, Essays

The Honor Code of Self and School free essay sample

My personal goals for reaching my utmost peak of academic performance do include holding the highest regard for self, others, ethics and integrity through my years in the university and beyond.   I believe that getting a quality education not only involves expanding one’s discipline and learning important subject matter relevant to the respective worlds that we students will live in later on, but also learning how to fairly and justly deal with others in an honest and ethical manner.    Looking at professors as role models in terms of honesty and being true to self is a good place to begin and I have done just that.   This helps me in my goals in being honest and true to myself and not trying to act a certain way simply to please others.   Only when one is honest to oneself and not self-deceptive can a person truly be honest with others and avoid deception. To reiterate more on my definition of academic integrity, I must say that specifically that my academic goals do involve finding myself and finding my true path for life.   This obviously involves honesty and also the act of surrounding myself with other people who think and behave in similar ways to either how I already do or in the ways I wish to do in the future. I want to be successful, so I try to surround myself with others who want or have the same ideal, but I do not wish to nor do I surround myself with people who have come upon their success in an dishonest manner or would be willing to.   â€Å"It is a short step from dishonesty in schools and colleges to dishonesty in business. It is doubtful that students who fail to develop habits of integrity and honesty while still in an academic setting are likely to do so once they are out in the real world. (Hinman, 2004). What the previous quote sheds light upon is how being dishonest and not showing integrity can impact one’s life.   I cannot expect to become the person that I want to be in my future career if I do not learn and practice the best ways of conducting myself now. This includes me pursuing my academic goals by showing my true self and potential to others, I have to stand out in class as who I am and not just â€Å"go along to get along†.   If I disagree with something or believe that injustices are going on around me, as far as racism, sexism, or other forms of wrong, I have an obligation to deal with those things appropriately and not ignore them.   (Hinman, 2002) believes that one of the pillars of academic integrity.   Much of what Hinman writes about is ways of approaching students and faculty in innovative ways to avoid things such as plagiarism, cheating, and other dishonest and disruptive activities on campuses. He does believe that being honest with oneself and always presenting that side to others is important.   I have learned, as stated before in my academic goals, that I will model after my professors who do seem honest and present a consistent way of behaving in an honest manner.   Hinman believes that professors can also help in helping others to be honest with themselves by allowing creativity in the classroom.   I think that if I can focus on my creative side and not have to constantly be on guard to give professors what they want to hear is important. Again, if I do not learn and practice these behaviors now, then I risk failing classes and failing in my future.   If I cannot confront injustices now, I cannot expect that I will be able to confront them later on in life.   Similarly, if I cannot learn to honestly express myself on only produce work that I believe will get me a good grade, then I am only hurting myself for the future. I see many students only doing the bare minimum to get by to graduate and I believe that this hurts them, as they will later on only do what is necessary for them to get a paycheck and not pay more attention to the important things in life that they get their degrees in.   I do not want this to happen to me, so I just need to be conscious of all of these harmful effects now. Other ways that I can avoid academic dishonesty is by giving credit to others for their work and not committing plagiarism.   I need to constantly keep a running bibliography of the things that I read and research to have that in case I need to use quotes for future reference.   Cheating is definitely not good behavior and staying away from those who find this acceptable is a good strategy. If I find out that a classmate is cheating, then I will advise them to speak with their advisor and likewise if someone is thinking about being dishonest, but they have not yet carried out a dishonest act.   I can keep in contact with my advisor and other mentors about issues that I am having and continue to seek out other positive role models, who live an honest life.   I can also keep a journal which will allow me to keep in touch with my inner self, in cases where I have to take classes that do not inspire my real, creative self. Although, I may become bored in some classes, I cannot in turn be lazy and turn to cheating to get by.   Simply, I have to be aware of all the pitfalls around me and avoid them. In closing, I am an honest person and am lucky to have other honest people around me.   I see a positive future and will not risk having all the things that I have worked for tarnished because of academic dishonesty. Works Cited Lawrence M. Hinman, â€Å"Academic Integrity and the World Wide Web, Computers and Society, Vol. 31, No. 1, March 2002, pp. 33-42 Lawrence M. Hinman, How to Fight College Cheating. Washington Post, September 3, 2004. A19.

Little Mermaid Musical- Broadway Show Review Essay Example

Little Mermaid: Musical- Broadway Show Review Paper Concert Review of The Little Mermaid The story and much of the music of The Little Mermaid is familiar to anyone who was once a little girl-or who knows a little girl. The performance on October 12, 2008 I saw of the Broadway musical is a retelling of the Disney cartoon that has been played and replayed on many DVDs in many homes across America before the watchful eyes of young children. Disneys animated feature film is, of course, itself based upon the Hans Christian Anderson fairy tale of the same name, and contains such classic songs as Part of Your World and Under the Sea. To prepare for the show, I watched the DVD again, and I also read over Andersons tale, to re-familiarize myself with the songs. I also wanted to be aware of what the creators of the musical had decided to keep from the Disney animated film, perhaps added back from Anderson that Disney had rejected, and what they had introduced that was entirely new to realize a different creative vision. The musical was splashy (no pun intended) fun with bright colors, dazzling special effects and glittery costumes (particularly in terms of how the underwater world was created). The many show-stopping tunes were clearly designed towow the audience. The show has a strong narrative, but the sea-witch Ursula, Ariels transition from mermaid toreal girl, and other aspects of the work obviously used special effects in a way that was designed to draw attention to the effects, rather than the plot. However, the younger members of the audience didnt seem to mind and audibly gasped for breath when various costumes and sets were revealed. Some of them had bought their own toyAriels from home and knew the songs from the cartoon by heart. However, the older members of the audience, from parents to people like myself, enjoyed the lead actress strong voice, the comic perfo

The Relationship Between Exchange Rates and Commodity Prices

The Relationship Between Exchange Rates and Commodity Prices Over the last several years, the value of the Canadian Dollar (CAD) has been on an upward trend, greatly appreciating relative to the American Dollar. A rise in commodity pricesInterest rate fluctuationsInternational factors and speculation Many economic analysts believe that the rise in the value of the Canadian Dollar is due to a rise in commodity prices stemming from increased American demand for commodities. Canada exports a great deal of natural resources, such as natural gas and timber to the United States. Increased demand for those goods, all else being equal, causes the price of that good to rise and the quantity consumed of that good to go up. When Canadian companies sell more goods at a higher price to Americans, the Canadian dollar to gains in value relative to the U.S. dollar, through one of two mechanisms: 1. Canadian Producers Sell to U.S. Buyers Who Pay in CAD This mechanism is quite straightforward. To make purchases in Canadian Dollars, American buyers must first sell American Dollars on the foreign exchange market in order to  buy Canadian Dollars. This action causes the number of American Dollars on the market to rise and the number of Canadian Dollars to fall. To keep the market in equilibrium, the value of the American Dollar must fall (to offset the larger quantity available) and the value of the Canadian Dollar must rise. 2. Canadian Producers Sell to U.S. Buyers Who Pay in USD This mechanism is only slightly more complicated. Canadian producers will often sell their products to Americans in exchange for American Dollars, as it is inconvenient for their customers to use foreign exchange markets. However, the Canadian producer will have to pay most of their expenses, such as employee wages, in Canadian Dollars. No problem; they sell the American Dollars they received from sales, and purchase Canadian Dollars. This then has the same effect as mechanism 1. Now that weve seen how the Canadian and American Dollars are linked to changes in commodity prices due to increased demand, next well see if the data matches the theory. How to Test the Theory One way to test our theory is to see if commodity prices and the exchange rate have been moving in tandem. If we find that they are not moving in tandem, or that they are completely unrelated, well know that changes in currency prices are not causing exchange rate fluctuations. If commodity prices and exchange rates do move together, the theory may still hold. In this  case, such correlation does not prove causation as there could be some other third factor causing exchange rates and commodity prices to move in the same direction. Though the existence of correlation between the two is the first step in uncovering evidence in support of the theory, on its own such a relationship simply does not disprove the theory. Canadas Commodity Price Index (CPI) In A Beginners Guide to Exchange Rates and the Foreign Exchange Market,  we learned that the Bank of Canada developed a Commodity Price Index (CPI), which tracks changes in the prices of commodities which Canada exports. The CPI can be broken down into three basic components, which are weighted to reflect the relative magnitude of those exports: Energy: 34.9%Food: 18.8%Industrial Materials: 46.3%(Metals 14.4%, Minerals 2.3%, Forest Products 29.6%) Lets take a look at the monthly exchange rate and Commodity Price Index data for 2002 and 2003 (24 months). The exchange rate data comes from the St. Louis Fed - FRED II and the CPI data is from The Bank of Canada. The CPI data has also been broken down into its three main components, so we can see if any one commodity group is a factor in the exchange rate fluctuations. The exchange rate and commodity price data for the 24 months can be seen at the bottom of this page. Increases in the Canadian Dollar and CPI The first thing to note is how the Canadian Dollar, the Commodity Price Index, and the 3 components of the index have all risen over the 2-year period. In percentage terms, we have the following increases: Canadian Dollar - Up 21.771%Commodity Price Index - Up 46.754%Energy - Up 100.232%Food - Up 13.682%Industrial Materials - Up 21.729% The Commodity Price Index has risen twice as fast as the Canadian Dollar. The bulk of this increase seems to be due to higher energy prices, most notably higher natural gas and crude oil prices. The price of food and industrial materials has also risen during this period, though not nearly as quickly as energy prices. Computing the Correlation Between Exchange Rates and CPI We can determine if these prices are moving together, by computing the correlation between the exchange rate and the various CPI factors. The economics glossary defines correlation in the following way: Two random variables are positively correlated if high values of one are likely to be associated with high values of the other. They are negatively correlated if high values of one are likely to be associated with low values of the other. Correlation coefficients are between -1 and 1, inclusive, by definition. They are greater than zero for positive correlation and less than zero for negative correlations. A correlation coefficient of 0.5 or 0.6 would indicate that the exchange rate and the commodity price index move in the same direction, whereas a low correlation, such as 0 or 0.1 would indicate that the two are unrelated. Keep in mind that our 24 months of data is a very limited sample, so we need to take these measures with a grain of salt. Correlation Coefficients for the 24 months of 2002-2003 Exch Rate Commodity Index .746Exch Rate Energy .193Exch Rate Food .825Exch Rate Ind Mat .883Energy Food .336Energy Ind Mat .169Food Ind Mat .600 We see that the Canadian-American exchange rate is very highly correlated with the Commodity Price Index over this period. This is strong evidence that increased commodity prices are causing a hike in the exchange rate. Interestingly enough, it appears that according to the correlation coefficients, rising energy prices have very little to do with the rise of the Canadian Dollar, but higher prices for food and industrial materials may be playing a big role. Energy prices hikes also do not correlate well with rises in food and industrial materials costs (.336 and .169 respectively), but food prices and industrial material prices do move in tandem (.600 correlation). For our theory to hold true, we need the rising prices to be caused by increased American spending on Canadian food and industrial materials. In the final section, well see if Americans are truly are buying more of these Canadian goods. Exchange Rate Data DATE 1 CDN = CPI Energy Food Ind. Mat Jan 02 0.63 89.7 82.1 92.5 94.9 Feb 02 0.63 91.7 85.3 92.6 96.7 Mar 02 0.63 99.8 103.6 91.9 100.0 Apr 02 0.63 102.3 113.8 89.4 98.1 May 02 0.65 103.3 116.6 90.8 97.5 Jun 02 0.65 100.3 109.5 90.7 96.6 Jul 02 0.65 101.0 109.7 94.3 96.7 Aug 02 0.64 101.8 114.5 96.3 93.6 Sep 02 0.63 105.1 123.2 99.8 92.1 Oct 02 0.63 107.2 129.5 99.6 91.7 Nov 02 0.64 104.2 122.4 98.9 91.2 Dec 02 0.64 111.2 140.0 97.8 92.7 Jan 03 0.65 118.0 157.0 97.0 94.2 Feb 03 0.66 133.9 194.5 98.5 98.2 Mar 03 0.68 122.7 165.0 99.5 97.2 Apr 03 0.69 115.2 143.8 99.4 98.0 May 03 0.72 119.0 151.1 102.1 99.4 Jun 03 0.74 122.9 16.9 102.6 103.0 Jul 03 0.72 118.7 146.1 101.9 103.0 Aug 03 0.72 120.6 147.2 101.8 106.2 Sep 03 0.73 118.4 135.0 102.6 111.2 Oct 03 0.76 119.6 139.9 103.7 109.5 Nov 03 0.76 121.3 139.7 107.1 111.9 Dec 03 0.76 131.6 164.3 105.1 115.5 Were Americans Buying More Canadian Commodities? Weve seen that the Canadian-American exchange rate and commodity prices, particularly the price of food and industrial materials, have moved in tandem over the last two years. If Americans are buying more Canadian food and industrial materials, then our explanation for the data makes sense. Increased American demand for these Canadian products would simultaneously cause an increase in the price of those products, and an increase in the value of the Canadian Dollar, at the expense of the American one. The Data Unfortunately, we have very limited data about the number of goods the American are importing, but what evidence we have looks promising. In The Trade Deficit and Exchange Rates, we looked at Canadian and American trade patterns. With data provided by the U.S. Census Bureau, we see that the U.S. dollar value of imports from Canada has actually went down from 2001 to 2002. In 2001, Americans imported $216 billion of Canadian goods, in 2002 that figure dropped to $209 billion. But by the first 11 months of 2003, the U.S. had already imported $206 billion in goods and services from Canada showing an increase year-over-year. What Does This Mean? One thing we have to remember, though, is that these are dollar values of imports. All this is telling us is that in terms of U.S. Dollars, Americans are spending slightly less on Canadian imports. Since both the value of the U.S. Dollar and the price of commodities has changed, we need to do some mathematics to find out if the Americans are importing more or fewer goods. For the sake of this exercise, we will assume the United States imports nothing but commodities from Canada. This assumption does not greatly affect the results, but it certainly makes the math much easier. Well consider 2 months year-over-year, October 2002 and October 2003, to show how the number of exports has increased significantly between these two years. U.S. Imports From Canada: October 2002 For the month of October 2002, the United States imported $19.0 billion of goods from Canada. The commodity price index for that month was 107.2. So if a unit of Canadian commodities cost $107.20 that month, the U.S. bought 177,238,805 units of commodities from Canada during that month. (177,238,805 $19B / $107.20) U.S. Imports From Canada: October 2003 For the month of October 2003, the United States imported $20.4 billion of goods from Canada. The commodity price index for that month was 119.6. So if a unit of Canadian commodities cost $119.60 that month, the U.S. bought 170,568,561 units of commodities from Canada during that month. (170,568,561 $20.4B / $119.60). Conclusions From this calculation, we see that the United States bought 3.7% fewer goods over this period, despite a price hike of 11.57%. From our primer on price elasticity of demand, we see that the price elasticity of demand for these goods is 0.3, meaning theyre very inelastic. From this we can conclude one of two things: The demand for these goods are not at all sensitive to price changes so American producers were willing to absorb the price hike.The demand for these goods at every price level increased (relative to former demand levels), but this effect was more than offset by the large jump in prices, so overall quantity purchased declined slightly. In my view, number 2 looks a lot more likely. During that period, the U.S. economy had been spurred by massive government deficit spending. Between the 3rd quarter of 2002 and the 3rd quarter of 2003, the U.S. Gross Domestic Product increased by 5.8%. This GDP growth indicates increased economic production, which would likely require increased use of raw materials such as timber. The evidence that increased demand for Canadian commodities has caused the rise in both commodity prices and the Canadian Dollar is strong, but not overwhelming.

Approaches to Correction of Class III Skeletal Malocclusion

Approaches to Correction of Class III Skeletal Malocclusion Combined Orthodontic and Surgical Approach in the Correction of Class III Skeletal Malocclusion Dr. Abdulaziz AlShahrani Astrac While growth modification and camouflage orthodontic treatment offers a limited solution in treating some skeletal Class III malocclusion depending on the age of the patient , Underlying skeletal severity, alignment of the teeth and the vertical facial proportions, a combination of surgical and Orthodontic therapy is the treatment of choice in all severe skeletal Class III malocclusion. In this case report I present a combination of surgical-orthodontic therapy for an adult female patient with skeletal class III malocclusion which resulted in good skeletal, dental and soft tissue relationship, with marked improvement in function and facial esthetics. Keywords: Class III malocclusion, Orthognathic Surgery, surgical orthodontics Introduction Class III malocclusion is considered to be one of the most difficult and complex orthodontic problems to treat. The prevalence of class III malocclusion has been reported to be as low as 3-5% in the Caucasian population, but is higher in the Chinese and Japanese population (4-13%) (Often associated with maxillary retrusion) [i] , [ii] , [iii] . The etiology of class III is complex and multifactorial. However, there is usually a strong genetic contribution. Genetic factor is one of the etiological factors where one third of children with severe Class III had a parent with the same problem and one-sixth had an affected sibling [iv] . Racial tendency may play a role as the blacks have shown higher incidence than white’s [v] .Environmental factors appear to play an adaptiverole in the etiology of Class III malocclusion [vi] .Class III malocclusion can be associated with other factors such as cleft palate [vii] . Individuals with class III malocclusion show combinations of skeletal and dentoalveolar components. Class III malocclusion may occur as a result of protrusive mandible, retrusive maxi lla, combination of both [viii] . While the most commonly found Class III malocclusion (30%) showed a combination of mandibular protrusion and maxillary retrusion, Maxillary retrusion alone was found in 19.5% of the sample and Mandibular protrusion alone was found in 19.1% of the sample [ix] .These complex nature of class III requirea careful planning, amultidisciplinary approach and patient cooperation [x] . Case Report A 17-year-old caucasian girl presented for orthodontic treatment because of referral from her dentist with primary complaint of un-esthetic facial and dental appearance. She has a hyper-divergent Class III skeletal and dental relationship. This is characterized by retrognathic maxilla, retroclined lower anterior teeth, with maximum active opening of 47mm with 5mm negative overjet and lateral excursions of 7 mm to both right and left sides. The patient has an ovoid, relatively asymmetrical face with chin slightly deviated to the left. The lip line at rest displayed a pproximately 2 mm of upper incisor. At full animation there was 7mm of upper incisal display and 2 mm of lower incisal edge. She has a slightly concave profile, and competent lips[Figure1]. Pretreatment extra oral photos Intraorally, the oral mucosa was healthy. There were no periodontal pockets present. The gingival tissues were inflamed especially around the prosthetic crowns. There was no bleeding tendency except sometimes with brushing. Free gingival margins were near to the CEJ and attached gingiva was of normal width throughout the mouth. The frenal attachments in both arches were normal. The tongue was normal in size, function and appearance. Teeth # 26, 36 and 46 have been crowned. There was a lingual arch placed one year ago to maintain lower incisors position.

Philosophy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

Philosophy - Essay Example This might not be unconnected to the fact that he feels that what poets and other members of the arts community produce are rather too powerful to go uncensored. He insists that art is never original; it is always a copy of the copy (Pearson 414). As a result of his belief that art is powerful enough to stir anyone emotionally and otherwise, he advocated for measures to be put in place to check its effects, the negative ones for the most part. Worse still, the poet like every other person in the art, is capable of creating copy – that appear at times to be more original than that the original – that cannot be found in the ordinary world. Speaking well about Homer; it's a divine power that moves you, as a "Magnetic" stone moves iron rings. (That's what Euripides called it; most people call it "Heraclian.") This stone not only pulls those rings, if they're iron, it also puts power in those rings-so that there's sometimes a very long chain of iron pieces and rings hanging from one another. And the power in all of them depends on this stone. In the same way, the Muse makes some people inspired by herself, and then through those who are inspired a chain of other enthusiasts is derived. You know, none of the epic poets, if they're good, are masters of their subject; they are inspired, possessed, and that is how they utter all those beautiful poems. (Leitch et al 41) During the period when Plato wrote, it was not unusual for philosophers to think that poets got their inspiration from sources other than them. Many often attributed it to a divine source. More so, whenever poets and writers generally are asked how they achieved their feats, they at time do not know how they were able to pull it through without the aid of a force outside them. Although Plato did not seem to be so much agree with notion of divine inspiration, he may not be categorically said to have opposed this position. Kennedy (1989 p. 108) states: The poet has a skill all his own: not und erstanding, but capturing the appearance, the look and feel of human life. But just as an image is, or rather should be (in Plato's view), for the sake of its original, the art of image-making is destined to be the helpmate of the art that seeks truth. Poetry cannot, so to speak, be trusted on its own, but as the ward of a philosophic guardian can put its talent to good use According to Plato, the words of poets inspire because the poets has the capacity, not to only draw on images that have their originality in the world of forms, but to also create theirs. In creating theirs, it is either they clarify have people ought to know or they further becloud what people already know. Chiefly because the inspiration for the works of poets is quite unconventional, they have so much power on their readers that the readers are at times moved to do things they would not normally do. For example, one reads â€Å"Wasteland† by T.S. Eliot (Kermode 34), one would not only be engulfed in wha t he talks about, one may also want to bring some of what he talks about to fruition in reality. The kind of knowledge possessed by poets is such that could pose a lot of threat to the entire community. It has to be categorically stated that poets have the knowledge that cannot be sourced from the present world. This is another reason readers are often engrossed in what they have written in spite of the belief held by that poets are imitators of imitations. Poetry, unlike

A Customer who Has Language Barrier that Someone Has Trouble Understan Essay

A Customer who Has Language Barrier that Someone Has Trouble Understanding English - Essay Example This would forge loyal following among its customers who are foreign speakers many of which are big spenders. Customer service can also be easily facilitated if reps can understand the language of the customer. For the customers, this would be a wonderful experience for them to be truly understood by the store where they make their purchases. This would surely develop a strong following among the foreign segment of the market. 3. Include cultural sensitivity training to front liners. There is a significant portion of Macy’s customers who are of foreign origin like me. This would tremendously improve their customer interaction and ultimately customer satisfaction leading to repeat and loyal customers. This would also separate Macy’s from the competition is a more customer-oriented retail store. Macy would also have the benefit of widening its customer base to include foreigners and international students like me. Describe insights you gained by carrying out this ‘shopping trip’ under the consumer role you adopted. What occurred to you that you’ve never thought about before? How do these insights affect the way you think about consumer behaviors and serving consumer markets? Besides the shopper with the specific situation you were assigned, who else might benefit from changes to a store that would better accommodate that kind of shopper? This trip made me realized that customer service is, in fact, a science that retail stores spend time, money and effort to become good at. Reflecting on it, I understand why because if the product and price are the same or even slightly higher, I would tend to buy at the store where I was taken good cared of or had the better customer experience. The store would also benefit from this experience as customers become more conscious of their shopping experience and are likely to provide feedback which could help them improve their products and service.

The controversal breed of dog The Pit Bull Essay Example for Free

The controversal breed of dog The Pit Bull Essay The American Staffordshire Terrier (also known as Pit Bull) is believed to be a man-eating beast. But is this breed all its made out to be? The Pit Bull started in the Unites States; it has been developed since the early 1800s as a result of crosses between the bulldogs of that time and game terriers. Although the early ancestors of this breed came from England, the development of the American Staffordshire Terrier is the story of a truly American breed. This type of dog was instrumental in the success of farmers and settlers who developed this country. They were used for general farm work, hunting wild pigs, bears, and other large game, guarding the homestead, and general companionship. A number of the early ancestors were also developed for the sport of dog fighting. The extraordinary vitality of this breed is a direct result of breeding for successful fighting dogs. This now illegal activity is, unfortunately, more often cited as the early purpose of the dogs rather than the general farm work. Although ancestors of the American Staffordshire were fighting dogs, the selective breeding since the 1930s has been away from the fighting heritage. The American Staffordshire Terrier of today is a companion and show dog, rather than a gladiator. Although more rarely used on the farm now, the talents that made him a good all-purpose dog are still to be found in the breed. Later on, In the early 1900s people began to fight dog against dog in a pit, or dog against bull in a pit which is why the dog was later named the Pit Bull. Unfortunately in todays society there have been many cases of over breeding for this dog which has created temperament problems in their bloodlines, leading to inconsistent behavior. Pit Bulls over bred today are usually used to fight illegally in run down urban areas or are kept outside and are used to guard junkyards, peoples houses or private property. The over breeding of these dogs led to people housing them that were not qualified to handle this breed. Though they do not get overly large they have a body mass that can weigh up to 90 pounds, and a lockjaw with 800 pounds of pressure. These dogs are very smart, but require a lot of care and  attention. The Pit Bull will also learn to imitate the behavior of its owner. People who neglect these dogs or use aggressive force to train them will often have an aggressive dog likely to turn and attack. When kept in safe living conditions and trained properly these dogs are excellent family pets with a natural guard dog instinct to protect its family. Many of the dog attacks to take place in the past 10 years have been by Pit Bulls, but what about 10 years before that when the feared breed was the Doberman Pinscher. Now Dobermans are recognized as an extraordinary breed while the Pit Bull has now gained the reputation of Man eater. To stop the over breeding, inbreeding and sales to unfit owners, it is encouraged to buy your American Staffordshire Terrier from a registered and reputable breeder. It is also advised to see the papers and bloodlines to the parents to make sure they have been Temperament Tested (TT). When a responsible owner goes to these lengths to get a pedigree Pit Bull, they will end up with a companion for life that will be loyal and protect your every step. American Staffordshire Terriers tend to take to their main owner the most. They will follow them everywhere and protect them against danger at all times. Though very gentle, if the Pit Bull senses that their owner is in danger or at risk, they will put their own lives at stake for the well being and safety of their family. For the past 3 years precautions have been taken to ward off Pit Bulls becoming turned into attack dogs and the number of Pit Bull attacks have decreased. Now, because of the ever growing popularity of Labrador and Golden Retrievers, their inbreeding have caused these examples of Mans Best Friend to attack as well. So before you judge every Pit Bull that you see please be aware that a majority of the time it is the inability of the owner, and not the aggressiveness of the dog. Any dog can attack if not properly bred or cared for!

Germany: The New Battle :: European Europe History

Germany: The New Battle Thesis: This paper will argue that Germany needs to secure itself as both the economic and political hegemon of Europe inside of the European Union; until its present condition and effectiveness in the global politics changes, instability in the European Union, as well as, basic fear of will always be present. I. Introduction II. Historical Perspective-The two negative factors A. Fear - twice in one century 1) Bismarck/Frederick II 2) Hitler B. Foolishness 1) WWI 2) WWII III. Reunification - The Key A. Economic realities 1) E. Germany's status 2) Infrastructure B. The significance of one Germany 1) Future 2) Politics IV. European Union-The means to and end A. European "check and balance system" 1) Hope for the future 2) Provisions for success B. The answer to a disturbing question 1) Can Germany be strong and peaceful? 2) France and England V. Conclusion The formation of a state can be both a beautiful and terrifying event . As a national you now have a home and place to live with people of a common culture and heritage, an identity. If you are a founder of the new state, there would be a sense of accomplishment of having achieved the fulfillment of a lifetime goal. Other states which deemed this new state as legitimate and recognized it as a self-determined equal, have created a potential ally or enemy. The downside, the premature recognition and the actual struggle for that status, usually entails conflict, loss of life, revolution and even war. A state was formed and recognized in 1871 in the center of Europe. This event has had an enormous impact since its inception. It has been both the salvation of Europe through economic depressions and hard times, as well as, the cause for two world wars and the near decimation of Europe. Its people have been back and forth between rags and riches, democracy and dictatorships, united, broken and then reunited. This state is known as Germany. Modern Germany has been reunified after almost 50 years of separation during the cold war. Once again German power and influence is on the rise. The world watches because Germany has not been able to successfully retain both total sovereignty over its territory and be an economic world power, for a substantial period of time; without plunging the world into an unavoidable conflict. The question of Germany and its position in world politics is one which has plagued statesmen since Germany's formation.

Porters 5 Forces of the Retail Industry

Porters Five Forces of the Retail Industry I. Supplier Power The bargaining power of Suppliers is relatively low. There is a high competition between suppliers which means that their ability to raise prices or reduce quantity is very low. Suppliers include both domestic and international manufacturers and because many retail products are standardized, retailers have low switching costs which make the supplier power low.Larger retailers have power over their suppliers because they can threaten suppliers to change to a different suppliers which would significantly hurt the suppliers because of their great market share. Furthermore larger retailers can vertically integrate with suppliers they are having trouble cooperating with. II. Bargaining Power of Buyers The bargaining power of buyers is relatively low. This is because since there are so many customers, no one customer will have bargaining leverage. Therefore bargaining must be done in massive groups which are hard to organize.If c onsumers choose not to shop at a retail outlet they most likely miss out on value or price as well as convenience of shopping retail. III. Competitive Rivalry Competitive rivalry is medium to high. There are numerous competitors as well as many E-retailers that are entering the market rapidly. Several Rivals are highly dedicated to being industry leaders. Furthermore there are diverse approaches and differing goals between competitors. These are all factors that lead to a high force but because exit barriers are low.Therefore weak firms are more likely to leave the market which in turn, increases profits for remaining firms which weakens the power of competitive rivalry. IV. Threat of Substitutes Threat of substitutes is low because there are not many substitutes that offer low prices and convenience to consumers. The goal of retailers it provide a wide variety of products at one location and in many cases create a one stop shopping location which leaves little room for alternatives . V. Threat of New CompetitorsThreat of new competitors is low because customers are very loyal to existing brands and retail stores. The companies that are most likely to enter the retail market are grocery stores. However, it takes a lot of time and money to build a good brand image and then get consumers to you store. Because of this, new entrants will spending money on building a brand when establishing which leaves them less money that can be used to give themselves a competitive advantage in the market. Secondly strong distribution networks are required to keep a retail store stocked.Weak distribution networks result in more expense in moving goods around. Sources Nair, Sanel. â€Å"Walmart. † N. p. , n. d. Web. 23 Feb. 2013. . â€Å"Retail Industry – Five Forces Analysis. † N. p. , n. d. Web. 23 Feb. 2013. . Porter, M. E. (2000) What is Strategy? Harvard Business Review Retrieved February 5, 2012 from http://hbr. org/product/what-is-strategy/an/96608-PDF- ENG Porter, M. E. (1980) Competitive Strategy, Free Press, New York. â€Å"Porter’s Five Forces Analysis of Wal-Mart. † Write Academic, 12 Sept. 2012. Web. 23 Feb. 2013. .

Barbara buyer memo

I was told about the details of your situation. I am aware that you want to bring a lawsuit against Sam salesperson and the seller. I have done some research and gathered the following information for you. The ethical issues involved in your situation include violation of full disclosure, unfair practices, and breech of contract. Sam Salesperson failed to disclose to the seller that you requested an extension of the earnest money payment, and did not tell you this. Sam Salesperson Intentionally let time lapse to void your contract in order to accept a higher offer.There are several causes of action in your case. You may bring action against the seller and Sam Salesperson based on a breach of contract. Because you had an agreement with the seller. There was a lack of communication between the salesperson and seller. There are grounds for fraud here based on Sam Salesperson not Intending to let the timeline for the earnest payment lapse. You also have grounds for negligent misrepresent ation based on a breach of fiduciary duty to you.You may request that the judge rescind the purchase contract as you had a contract with salesperson and seller before the higher offer was discovered. You had a contract agreement with the leer to purchase real estate which was breached when the seller accepted the higher offer. You also had a contract with the salesperson which was breached when you failed to pay the earnest money by the deadline. Even though Sam salesperson failed to notify the seller of your request for extension you are the one who breached the contract since there was never a stipulation extending the time for you to pay. A contract is created at law when there is a mutual exchange of promises upon reasonably understandable terms and conditions. A contract does not have to be reduced to writing in order to be enforceable† (ass) http://www. Us. Deed/counsel/ brief/contractions. HTML Remedies: You may request damages which would be measured by the difference in the price stated in your contract to buy the real estate and the price of the higher price it was sold for.Rescission and restitution in order to cancel the contract with the subsequent buyer and pay restitution as punitive damages for time lost. Elements of a contract: Offer, acceptance, and consideration. The breach of contract is when one party Involved failed to fully or adequately perform the duty the contract provided. RE-28-1 101 . Dunes to Client A. A licensee owes a fiduciary duty to the client and shall protect and promote the client's Interests. The licensee shall also deal fairly with all other parties to a transaction.Barbara buyer memo By fruitychick2000 the earnest money payment, and did not tell you this. Sam Salesperson intentionally are grounds for fraud here based on Sam Salesperson not intending to let the the Judge rescind the purchase contract as you had a contract with salesperson and involved failed to fully or adequately perform the duty the contract prov ided. RE-28-1101. Dunes to Client client's interests. The licensee shall also deal fairly with all other parties to a

Trifles And The Story Of An Hour Paper (i Will Attach Files) Essay

Trifles And The Story Of An Hour Paper (i Will Attach Files) Essay Trifles And The Story Of An Hour Paper (i Will Attach Files) – Essay Example â€Å"Trifles† and â€Å"The Story of an hour† Is anyone unaware of the predominant male chauvinism and the predicament and oppression experienced by women before the emergence of socialist thinkers who were committed to liberating women? An analysis of Louise mallard a major character in â€Å"The Story of an Hour† by Kate Chopin, and Mrs. Wright, a minor character in Susan Glaspell’s â€Å"Trifles†, portray the kind of oppression that women underwent prior to the 1920s. This paper shall candidly analyze and compare the actions of the two ladies in reference to their lives, their relationships to their husbands, and to the society in which they live with an objective of demonstrating how both women were victims as well as victors and their relevance to todays women. Mrs. Mallard and Mrs. Wright lived in a world where life seemed tedious and a collection of quandaries. Mrs. Mallard had a critical heart trouble that deprived her of happiness and asso ciation with the outside world. â€Å"Mrs. Mallard was afflicted with a heart trouble†¦. She did not hear the story as many women †¦.† (Chopin 16). Likewise, Mrs. Wright used to sing when she was a lass but her life was now terrible and only a bird could give her happiness. Mrs. Mallard and Mrs. Wright had strangled relationships with their husbands. After receiving the shocking news of her husband’s death, Mrs. Mallard masquerades to be grieving but in reality she is fantasizing about the good life that she will live now that her husband is dead. She feels that she has been freed from the shackles of subjugation. â€Å"Free! Body and soul free!† (Chopin 16). Equally, Mrs. Wright seems to live an oppressed life under the dominance of her husband. She gets excited after her husband’s death and acts in a way that suggests she might have exterminated her husband’s life. Both women were shunned by the society as they were perceived to be acti ng against the norms. They were rarely visited and other women did not cooperate with them. They lived in a disaffected world where repression was tolerated and any actions aimed at challenging male supremacy were deemed belligerent. Somewhat, both women are victims and equally victors. Mrs. Wright is under probation after being suspected of killing her husband. On the other hand, Mrs. Mallard surrenders to heart attack after the realization that her husband was alive. However, Mrs. Wright becomes a victor by managing to terminate the life of a man who oppressed her while Mrs. Mallard surrenders her life to call for humanitarian agencies to intervene and stop the oppression that women were undergoing. Evidently, the women spearheaded what is currently known as ‘women emancipation’ aimed at upholding women’s right and call for equality in a fairly just world. They contributed to psychological and moralistic improvement in women. Work CitedChopin, Kate. Kate Chopin s "the Story of an Hour". Patterson, N.Y N.p., 1982. Print.

Cataracts Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words - 1

Cataracts - Research Paper Example This therefore means that the lens must be very clear for the retina to be able to receive an image that is sharp. If however the lens is cloudy from the formation of cataract, the image seen will be blurred (Caldwell, 1988). The functioning of the eye is just like that of a camera. Thus there is passage of light rays in the eye through the cornea first and then the aqueous humor (which is a fluid that is transparent in front of the eye), and then via the pupil and finally into the lens. The light rays are then bent onto the retina which lines the back of one’s eye. From this point, the image then passes via the retinal cells, and onto the optic nerve, and eventually onto the back of the brain which finally processes the image. Cataracts will therefore occur when there is protein buildup in the lens which makes it appear cloudy. This leads to the prevention of light from passing clearly via the lens, thus leading to loss of an individual’s vision. There is formation of new lens cells outside the lens, leading to the compacting of all the older cells at the middle of the lens, which results into a cataract (WebMD Medical Reference).Most cataracts start developing when an injury or age causes a change into the tissue that forms the lens of a person’s eye. Under normal circumstances, the lens is usually positioned behind the pupil and the iris and works just like the lens of a camera. Its main function is to focus light onto the retina and at the eye’s back, where the recording of an image takes place. The lens is also responsible for the adjustment of the eye’s focus, making sure that we are able to see things clearly, both those that are far away and upclose.The lens is composed of protein and water. The protein is naturally arranged precisely in a manner that always keeps the lens in a clear form and allows passage of light through it. Old age may however cause the clumping together

Unemployment in Mexico and USA and Comparison between them Essay

Unemployment in Mexico and USA and Comparison between them - Essay Example This topic is of high interest as it will help in analyzing the overall economic conditions of two important economies; the United States and Mexico. A comparison between the Unemployment levels of these two countries will also be presented. Unemployment represents the number of people that are not working or jobless (Wessels, 2000). During the recession, the Unemployment level of country increases as more people lose their jobs (Mankiw, 2009). The global recession of 2007-2008 resulted in a large number of people to lose their jobs in different parts of the world. Unemployment level was showing a decreasing trend internationally, as presented in the graphs below until the economic recession that hit the world global market. From 2007, the unemployment level of the world increased drastically; however, it has decreased in the last two years or so.The unemployment level in the United States and Mexico also increased drastically after the recession. However unemployment level increased more in the USA than in Mexico.Data will be collected from different renowned websites such as World Bank and other authentic published reports. The research will be quantitative and qualitative. Literature review section will cover the qualitative data and analysis section will cover the quantitative data. The relationship between the unemployment levels of these two countries will be analyzed, and a comparison will be presented. Statistical tools will be applied to analyze the unemployment level.

Rule of law as one of the basic principles of the English constitution Essay

Rule of law as one of the basic principles of the English constitution - Essay Example According to Dicey (Ibid), the rule of law is one of the cardinal principles of the eight legal systems. He attributed the following aspects of the rule of law. a) Supremacy of law: Rule of law means the absolute supremacy or predominance of regular law as opposed to the influence of arbitrary power or discretionary power. It excludes the existence of arbitrariness of prerogative power or even wide discretionary authority on the part of government. Dicey asserted that the Englishmen were ruled by the law, and the law alone. He denied that in England the government was based on exercise by persons in authority or wide arbitrary or discretionary powers. (Constitution Law, 8th edition) b) Equality before law: According to this doctrine of rule of law, there must be equality before the law or equal subjection of all classes to the ordinary law of the land administered by the ordinary law courts. In England, all [persons were subject to one and the same law and there were no extraordinary tribunals or special courts for officers of the government and other authorities. According to Dicey (Ibid) courts are supreme throughout the state. He criticized the French legal system of Droit administratiff in which there were separate administrative tribunals for ordinary people and civil servants. c) Predominance of legal spirit: Explaining the third postul... In many countries rights are guaranteed by a written constitution while in England it is not so. The rights are the result of judicial decisions in concrete cases which have actually arisen between parties. The constitution is not the source but consequence of the rights of the individuals. (J.J.R. Upadhaya Administrative law, 4th edition) In substantive sense, the rule of law sets an ideal for any government to achieve. These aspects of rule of law are as under:- a) Under rule of law, the function of legislative is to establish and maintain conditions that uphold dignity of man as an individual. b) Effectiveness of the government capable of maintaining low and order and ensuring sufficient economic and social conditions of life for free society. c) Independence Judiciary. In analyzing the formal and substantive aspects of the rule of law we can say that they are compatible with each other. This can be proved by the fact that formal aspects as well substantive aspects address the issue of fairness. This fairness is geared towards giving or affording people their rights. They should be heard and protected at all times. Both the aspects of the rule of law aim at affording an individual his independence in terms of his economic stability and his fundamental rights. In this regard both the aspects of rule of law do not conflict with each, but they endeavour to create certain conditions like political, social, economical, educational and cultural conditions which are essential to the full development of his personality. The rule of law is a dynamic concept which changes with change in social, economic and political values and